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Ham Radio 2000 #2
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SATELLIT
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GEOST23
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GEOST23.EXE
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GEOST.TXT
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GEOST 2.3, Geo-Stationary Satellites' position
Copyright 1992-97 Giuliano Artico I3LGP
Address: Via Belzoni 7, 35131 PADOVA, Italy
Phone : 049 827 59 09
E-mail : artico@math.unipd.it
WWW : http://www.math.unipd.it/~artico
AX25 : I3LGP@IW3GRX.IVEN.ITA.EU
C O N T E N T S
0. Program installation.
1. Introduction and general information.
2. Observer window and location setting.
3. Satellites window and setting.
4. Storage of locations.
5. Output.
6. Format of the configuration file.
7. Data bases and viewer.
8. Options on the DOS command line.
9. How to determine the QTH locator.
10. Setting of the antenna system.
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ IMPORTANT │
│ Before running the software GEOST, │
│it is necessary to read the file LICENSE.TXT.│
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
0. Program installation.
To install the program GEOST, simply run the self-extracting compressed
RAR archive GEOSTnn.EXE (where "nn" is the version number identification).
All the files must be placed in the same directory.There is no restriction on
the installation directory name, but it is convenient to add it to the system
path, in order to make the program accessible from anywhere within the system.
If the existing path is too long to accept new directory names, one may assign
the directory name to the "GEOST" environment variable, by using the SET
command (in this case the program sould be called with its full path
specification). For instance:
C:\>set geost=c:\satellit
C:\>c:\satellit\geost
The above mentioned distribution archive is equipped with the following
RAR autenticity verification string:
Giuliano Artico, Dip. di Matematica P.A. - Padova
The package GEOST consists of the following files:
LICENSE.TXT license;
GEOST.EXE executable file;
GEOST.TXT manual (this file);
WHATSNEW.TXT short description of changes;
GEOST.DAT example of configuration file (ASCII text file);
GEOST.INI example of initialization file;
QTH.LOC data base containing geographic information on about 1300 sites;
SATELLIT.TXT satellites data base (Europe);
GEOST.LOG file for data logging (generated by GEOST as output on disk);
GEOST.SAT locators storage file (for compatibility with version 1.21).
1. Introduction and general information.
The program GEOST is designed as an aid for the installation of antenna
systems for geo-stationary satellites. All such satellites are placed in a
circular orbit above the equator. Their angular velocity is equated to the
angular velocity of the earth, in order to maintain each of them always above
the same point of the earth surface. Therefore, tracking a determined
geo-stationary satellite is a trivial operation, as any observer sees it as a
motionless object in the sky. However, the problem which arises is that of
installing the antenna system in such a way that it is always directed towards
points lying on the orbit of geo-stationary satellites, when it is rotated in
any direction, since in this way it turns out to be easy to have access to
different satellites (section 10).
The program GEOST supplies the values of azimuth and elevation for a set of
five satellites, chosen by the user in appropriate way with respect to his
location. Three of them are referred to as "pilot satellites" and we shall call
them "Western", "Central" and "Eastern" respectively (see section 3). One
should assume as "Central" the satellite which is more or less positioned on
the same meridian circle as the site of the user. The "Western" and"Eastern"
satellites are the extreme ones in the West and East directions respectively,
among the ones which the user wants to receive. Pilot satellites may be changed
interactively within the session of the program. Two more satellites are the
"bounds" and ought to be choosen as the extreme ones visible from the
observation point.
The program always displays the elevation under which the antenna sees the
culminating point of the geo-stationary orbit: this value is generally equal to
the elevation of the central satellite, if its choice has been made in a
reasonable way.
The last value provided by GEOST is called "correction" and is the
difference between the direction of the meridian of the observer and his
azimuth bearing for the central satellite. This value allows an easy
calibration of the geographic orientation: in fact, the compass is not accurate
enough for our goals. The difference is computed with respect to the South
direction for the points on the boreal (northern) hemisphere and with respect
to the North direction for the points on the austral (southern) hemisphere.
The following data are required as input:
- the position of the observer;
- the longitude of all five satellites;
- some optional data dealing with the output on disk or printer.
Latitude and longitude are always decimal numbers: for instance, 12 degrees and
30 minutes are shown (and must be entered) as 12.50 degrees. Observe that the
west longitude and the south latitude are assumed to be negative numbers.
For the above data, default values are assumed if necessary.
For the position of the observer, two different formats are recognized:
- the Maiden Head Grid Square notation, referred to as QTH locator (see
section 9);
- the geographic latitude and longitude.
Satellites' and geographic information may be loaded interactively during a
session from two data bases (section 7).
Three kinds of output are supported:
- to the screen: this is useful for interactive operations;
- to a standard ASCII text file;
- to a printer.
For the second and third option, two types of format may be selected (see
section 5).
The software GEOST may be configured by storing "home" information (location
of the receiving station, longitude of pilot satellites, parameters for the
printout) in the file GEOST.DAT: if such file does exist and its format is
valid, then the information contained in it are automatically loaded at the
start up. Some data may be also entered at the DOS prompt, by using the
appropriate options.
Furthermore, the situation existing at the end of a session is memorized in
the initialization file and presented when the program is run again.
In the case that an interesting location must be examined again later on, it
is possible to store it by means of the appropriate function key.
GEOST incorporates a simple file viewer that allows to browse all the
information provided with the package (manual, data bases, license,...) and,
optionally, also a user-defined file. Eac file is associated to a specific key
combination (see section 7).
The list of available commands may be displayed by pressing the "?" key
(question mark).
Finally, a help screen is shown by typing the character "?" as
argument at the DOS prompt after the name of the executable file GEOST.EXE.
2. Observer window and location setting.
The information provided by GEOST are displayed in two windows, the
"satellites" window and the "observer" window. One may switch between them by
pressing the Tab key. Four fields (site, QTH, latitude, longitude) may be
edited and the entered values are immediately assumed when the Return key is
pressed or when any other function is invoked.
The position of the receiving station may be entered in two different
formats: the so called "QTH locator" and the geographic latitude and longitude.
The user may adopt the whichever he prefers.
Five different ways of supplying the QTH locator are available:
1) by editing the appropriate line in the configuration file GEOST.DAT;
2) with the option /Q at the DOS prompt (the option /Q has priority with
respect to the locator stored in the configuration file);
3) within the program, by editing the field "QTH";
4) within the program, by retrieving one of the ten stored locations;
5) within the program, by using the movement keys.
The locator entered in the modes 1 and 2 is overridden by the one stored in
the initialization file, but it may be restored by pressing the Ctrl-Home key
when the cursor is placed anywhere in the "observer" window.
The geographic co-ordinates may be entered by editing the "Lat" and the
"Long" fields in the observer window.
The first field may contain the name of the location or a comment sentence.
Once the location is entered, the program calculates and displays the
following information:
- the location in both formats;
- azimuth and elevation for all satellites (shown in the satellites window);
- the maximum elevation of the antenna ("Peak" field);
- the correction for reaching the direction of the meridian plane
starting at the direction of the central satellite ("Corr" field).
The location may be adjusted interactively by pressing:
- Ctrl with the arrow keys to get a small shift;
- Alt with the arrow keys to get a big shift.
The pressed arrow is the one corresponding to the desired cardinal direction.
In this way one can reach the desired position through successive adjustments.
It should be noticed that the QTH locator is less accurate than geographic
co-ordinates: therefore, when the location is defined through the first
notation, an average value is computed for longitude and latitude and a
round-off error may occur.
About the /Q option and the format of the configuration file, see below.
3. Satellites window and setting.
The program GEOST provides the azimuth and elevation for five satellites:
three of them are chosen by the user with regard to his particular situation.
This feature allows the highest accuracy, since it facilitates detection of any
difference between computed and measured values, by comparing results for the
five objects.
The longitude of each satellite may be input by editing the appropriate line
in the configuration file GEOST.DAT. The three pilot satellites (western,
central and eastern) may be selected interactively by first moving to the
satellites window and then by pressing the Ctrl-UpArrow or Ctrl-DownArrow keys.
The "bound" satellites are fixed and the above kind of selection does not
apply to them.
The range of longitude for pilot satellites is from -180 to 180 degrees and
is a decimal number. Notice that West longitudes must be preceded by the sign
"-" since they are negative numbers.
Default values are adopted, if the configuration file is missing or if it
does not contain the information for one or more satellites.
The features of a satellite (frequencies, type, encoding and so on) may be
displayed by pressing the return key on the name of the satellite. In fact,
GEOST incorporates a viewer which allows to browse an external ASCII text file,
in this case the file which contains the satellites information. The same file
may also be accessed by pressing the combination Alt-S: this command is
available also from the observer window.
4. Storage of locations.
It is possible to register permanently on disk some locations which may be
useful in the future.
The list of stored locations is present at any time on the screen and any of
them may be retrieved simply by pressing the corresponding function key (from
F1 to F10). When the location is loaded, the related calculation is performed
and the new information appear on the screen. From that moment onwards, that
location is the one to which the movement keys apply.
Conversely, to store the location present on the screen, just press the
appropriate function key together with the Ctrl key.
Look at the list of stored locations to choose an empty record. In any case,
to overwrite an existing location it is enough to press the corresponding key
combination twice. This procedure guards against the accidental loss of data.
Observe that the location storage is made by geographic co-ordinates, which
are more accurate than the QTH locator.
Stored locations are saved in the initialization file GEOST.INI. If the
program is installed by overwriting the previously installed version 1.2, it
automatically recognizes the information contained in the file GEOST.SAT (which
may be deleted after the first run of GEOST 2.x).
5. Output.
The results of the calculation made by GEOST are presented on the screen or
may be sent to a printer connected to the parallel port LPT1 or to a file named
GEOST.LOG.
The data displayed on the screen in any moment are relative to a single
location and may be changed interactively. On the contrary, the information for
the printer or for the log file consist of the values for two possible sets of
locations:
- the stored locations, discussed in the section 4;
- the locations contained in a rectangular region centered on the location
displayed on the screen.
To register the data relative to these sets in the log file, one must press the
Alt-F key combination. Similarly to send the output to the printer one has to
use the Alt-P combination. After pressing one of these keys, the program
prompts for the desired set of locations.
In the log file or printer output, the values relative to every location
are contained in a separate line. Explanatory headings are put at the top of
every column.
Due to the second option, the region for which data are computed turns out
to be defined by three parameters which may be entered either through the
configuration file (see section 6) or with suitable options at the DOS prompt.
The distance between the points of the grid, into which the above mentioned
region is subdivided, is called "Increment" and corresponds to the external
option /I. The unit of measure is minutes of angle. Within the program,this
parameter may be adjusted with the Alt-I combination, in steps of 5 minutes, in
the range from 5 to 60 minutes.
The region can be thought of as a big rectangle whose horizontal size (in
the longitude sense) and vertical size (in the latitude sense) are defined by
the options /H and /V respectively. The unit of measure for these parameters is
the increment amount described above and they may range independently from 1 to
21. These parameters may be changed with the Alt-H and Alt-V combinations
respectively.
The default values for the above parameters are 15 minutes for the
increment, 9 and 5 for the horizontal and vertical size respectively.
The region is scanned row by row from North to South and the locations in
every row are listed going from West into East. The character "*" (asterisk)
identifies the first location in every row.
The total number of locations contained in the defined region is displayed
on the screen and this value supplies an estimation of the number of pages
which would be printed.
The size in lines of a printed page is defined by the option/L on the DOS
command line or via the configuration file. Within the program, this parameter
can be adjusted with PgUp and PgDn.
The values for horizontal and vertical size are odd numbers and the program
rounds any value for these parameters to the smallest odd number greater than
or equal to the given one.
When output data are written to the log file, the previously existing data
are not deleted because the new ones are appended at the end of the file. The
operation may be successful only in the case that the first line of the file
contains the validation sentence "GEOST.LOG - Output file": if the file does
not exist, then a new one is generated with the correct heading.
Notice that if the printer is connected to a port other than LPT1, then the
output must be re-directed to it before running GEOST by means of the DOS
command MODE. For instance, if the port is COM2, use the following command:
C:\>mode lpt1=com2
6. Format of the configuration file.
The configuration file allows the personalization of the program GEOST, so
that any user may start the program with the desired values for all parameters.
The configuration file is a standard ASCII text file which may be edited
with any text editor or word processor. The program GEOST recognizes this file
as valid only if the first line contains the following sentence:
GEOST.DAT - Configuration file
If a line contains a character "#", all the part of that line to the right
of this character is skipped, so that any line may include a comment.
Every parameter is associated to a key-word which must be put at the
beginning of a line and followed by the corresponding value. Parameters should
be supplied as in the next example (these values are the default ones):
GEOST.DAT - Configuration file
QTH-Locator= JN55WJ "Padova" #Observer's QTH Locator and site name
WestBound =-53.0 "INTELSAT 706" #used if satellites data base is missing
WesternSat =-27.5 "INTELSAT 601" #western satellite
CentralSat = 13.0 "EUTELSAT II F1 / HOT BIRD" #central satellite
EasternSat = 19.2 "ASTRA 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E" #eastern satellite
EastBound = 85.0 "STATSIONAR 3" #used if satellites data base is missing
Increment = 15 #Distance in minutes among the locations to be printed
Horizontal = 9 #Number of locations of the region in the longitude sense
Vertical = 5 #Number of locations of the region in the latitude sense
PageLength = 63 #Number of lines per printed page
MarkColor = 0 #Marked color, values from 0 to 15, 0=reverse
TextFile = *geost.dat
The last line assigns the name of any text file, which may be displayed during
a GEOST session by pressing Alt-T. This file name may include a full path
specification. The leading character "*" is optional. It is an abbreviation
which denotes the name of the directory in which GEOST is installed.
The configuration file may also include a section telling GEOST how to
understand satellites information taken in the satellites data base (this
matter is discussed in the section 7).
7. Data bases and viewer.
The program GEOST is equipped with two data bases:
- QTH.LOC contains a set of locations with geographic information;
- SATELLIT.TXT the list of geo-stationary satellites visible from Europe.
Both data bases are standard ASCII text files, which may be easily updated by
adding new data (their format is described below).
Both data bases may be accessed in two ways:
- to import a piece of information directly into the program;
- to wiew and browse the entire list.
Locations data base.
To import a location, move to the first line in the observer window and
enter the name of a location (or part of it, not necessarily a beginning part).
When the return key is pressed, the displayed string is searched in the data
base and only matches at the beginning of records are accepted. If the result
of this inquiry is negative, the data base is scanned again and all matches in
any position within records are assumed as valid. For instance, the following
record is loaded on the second scan when entering one of the strings "ALFREDO"
or "JN65DR":
IK3IEO Alfredo; jn65dr
The entire file QTH.LOC may be viewed, with the built-in browser, by
pressing the Alt-L combination.
It is possible to add information to the data base by pressing one of the
combinations Alt-A and Alt-W. In both cases, the displayed location is appended
to the file QTH.LOC as the last record (provided that the current site isn't
already present somewhere in the data base). When pressing Alt-W, the QTH
locator is written in place of geographic coordinates.
The file QTH.LOC is an ASCII text file which may be updated by using any
ASCII text editor. Any line of the file is a record, with the exception of the
first one, which must contain the word "QTH.LOC" starting at the first
position. This word is used as a validation key.
The semicolon ";" is used as field separator. Any line may contain three
fields: the name of the site, its latitude and its longitude, in this order.
Optionally, the second and third field may be replaced by a single field,
containing the QTH locator. The following records are valid:
Padova; 45.41; 11.88
Padova; JN55WJ
All lines containing invalid data and all lines beginning with a ";" character
are discarded. For instance, the following records would be ignored:
;... (any text)
Padova; 91.5; 11.88
Padova; 45.41; 3000
Padova; SS65ZZ
Satellites data base.
The default satellites list SATELLIT.TXT is provided by Mr Husted (Denmark)
and is available via Internet at the URL
http://login.dknet.dk/~husted/satellit.zip.
If the SATELLIT.TXT file is missing, then GEOST looks for the Ralph
Krueger's satellites list ESAT.TXT.
GEOST uploads the satellites list at the start up. During the program
session, satellites may be selected by pressing Ctrl-UP and Ctrl-Down within
the satellite window. The file may be viewed by pressing the return key or the
Alt-S combination (the return key causes the file to be shown at the position
of the desired satellite).
GEOST assumes that the information related to any satellite are placed in a
block, preceded by an header line which includes the name and the longitude of
the satellite. Adopting the style used in the file SATELLIT.TXT, the list of
satellites is made up by loading the lines which contain the strings " East "
or " West ". For instance:
19.2 East ASTRA 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E Dish size: 0.6 m
Here are the criteria used by GEOST to extract the name and the longitude:
- the name field goes from the 13th to the 45th column;
- the longitude field goes from the 1st to the 5th column.
A different criterium may be defined in order to replace the satellites list.
To do this, one must modify appropriate instructions in the configuration file
GEOST.DAT as follows:
- name of the file:
Sat_File=SATELLIT.TXT
- strings identifying valid header lines:
Sat_East=" East "
Sat_West=" West "
- left (LB) and right (RB) bounds of the name and longitude fields.
Any of these values may be either a number (column position) or a delimiter
string (strings must be surrounded by double quotes):
Name_LB=13
Name_RB=45
Long_LB=1
Long_RB=5
As another example, here are the instructions for the Ralph Krueger's list:
Sat_File=ESAT.TXT
Sat_East="° East)"
Sat_West="° West)"
Name_LB=1
Name_RB="("
Long_LB="("
Long_RB="°"
Built-in viewer.
To invoke the built-in viewer, one must press a suitable key combination.
The corrispondence between files and keys is as follows:
LICENSE.TXT -> Alt-D
QTH.LOC -> Alt-L
GEOST.TXT -> Alt-M
GEOST.LOG -> Alt-O
SATELLIT.TXT -> Alt-S
... -> Alt-T
The Alt-T combination is used to view a user-defined text file, whose name may
be assigned in three ways (configuration file, option "/T", environment
variable GEOST_TXT). The following commands are available to navigate within
the text:
Esc = exit viewer;
Up/Down arrow = one line up/down;
PgUp/PgDn = one screen up/down;
Home/End = beginning/end of file;
Ctrl+Up/Down = previous/next text block (separators are blank lines);
F2 = enter a search string;
Alt+Up/Down = search onward/backward.
8. Options on the DOS command line.
Some parameters may be supplied to GEOST by means of suitable options on the
DOS command line when the program is run.
Any option consists of a slash "/" followed by a letter: the value of the
associated parameter must be typed immediately to the right of this letter. For
example, to enter the QTH locator JN65HQ, use the option /Qjn65hq(case
insensitive).
The list of valid options is shown when a "?" character appears as argument
on the DOS command line.
Valid options are:
/Q... Observer's QTH Locator and site name
/Cnn Marked color (0-15, 0=reverse)
/Inn Increment, the grid width for the region printout
/Hnn Number of locations of the region in the longitude sense
/Vnn Number of locations of the region in the latitude sense
/Lnnn Printed page length (in lines)
/Tfile text file to be viewed with Alt-T
On the command line, one or more options may be entered in any order: if an
option appears twice, then only the first occurrence is assumed.
Example: C:\>geost /q io92og "Northampton"/l60 /i30
sets the location to Northampton, whose QTH locator is IO92OG, the number of
lines per printed page to 60 and the distance between points of the printout
grid to 30 minutes.
The "/T" option allows to assign the name of any text file to be viewed
during a GEOST session by pressing Alt-T. The value entered with this option
overrides the one provided in the configuration file.
9. How to determine the QTH locator.
The Maiden Head Grid Square notation or "QTH locator" is well-known to
Amateur Radio Operators. The QTH locator is an abbreviation for the geographic
co-ordinates and it is very useful since, due to its concision, it may be used
to designate quickly any point on the earth's surface, with a satisfactory
accuracy for most purposes.
The algorithm for determining the QTH locator when the geographic
co-ordinates are given is sketched below. In any case, this calculation is
automatically performed by GEOST, so that this section may be skipped.
The QTH locator consists of six characters, subdivided into three groups:
two letters from A to R, two figures from 0 to 9 and two letters from A to X.
The first character in any group is related to the longitude, the second one to
the latitude.
First group: 18 characters are available from A to R, so that 360 degrees of
longitude from -180 to +180 degrees are divided into portions of 20 degrees,
while 180 degrees of latitude from -90 to +90 degrees are divided into portions
of 10 degrees. In this way we have 18*18=324 large pieces of the earth surface.
Second group: each of the above pieces is subdivided into 10 parts along
both dimensions, so that it contains 100 "squares", with the size of 2 degrees
and 1 degree for the longitude and for the latitude respectively.
Third group: 24 characters from A to X are used to denote 24*24=576 spots in
any square. The longitudinal (horizontal) size of every spot is 120/24=5
minutes, while its latitudinal (vertical) size is 60/24=2.5 minutes.
The directions into which the angles are measured go from West to East for
the longitude, starting at the -180th meridian, and from South to North for the
latitude, starting at the -90th parallel (South Pole).
For instance, suppose we want to calculate the QTH locator for the following
location:
Longitude: 11 degrees 38 minutes 40 seconds East
Latitude : 45 degrees 41 minutes 5 seconds North
In view of the last remark, these values are translated as follows:
Longitude: 11+180=191 38 40
Latitude : 45+ 90=135 41 5
We begin calculating the first character of the three groups, by using the
longitude value.
First group:
the integer part of the quotient 191/20 is 9, so we take the 10th letter J.
Second group:
the remainder of the above quotient is 11. Since the squares have a horizontal
size of 2 degrees, we take the integer part of the quotient 11/2 which is 5.
Third group:
the remainder of the above quotient is 1. We reduce it to minutes and add the
portion of degree given by minutes and seconds:
60 + 38 + 40/60 = 98.7
Since every spot has an horizontal size of 5 minutes, we must take the letter
T, which is the 20th one: in fact, 98.7/5=19.7.
A similar calculation must be made to determine the second character of the
three groups, by operating on the given latitude. We need only use the vertical
sizes of the various portions, which now are 10 degrees, 1 degree and 2.5
minutes respectively.
First group : 135/10 13 N
Second group: 135 - 13*10 5 5
Third group : 41.1 16.4 Q
Therefore the QTH locator we are looking for is JN55TQ.
One may also perform the converse calculation to determine the geographic
co-ordinates, if the QTH locator is known. Obviously, in this case a rounding
error may occur.
Notice that the QTH locator cannot be computed for the two poles, since for
such points the geographic longitude is not defined.
10. Setting of the antenna system.
To install an antenna system for geo-stationary satellites, it is necessary
to set the following once and for all:
- the antenna rotation axis must be parallel to the earth rotation axis;
- the elevation must be fixed at the proper value.
When this is done correctly, the antenna may be rotated on its axis and it
always "sees" points of the geo-stationary orbit, which is a circle concentric
with the equator and with a radius of 42234 Km.
Observe that the peak position of the system along its rotation should
result exactly when the antenna is beaming into a direction parallel with the
plane of the meridian circle.
To obtain this, the following steps are to be performed, by using
appropriate measuring devices (compass, goniometer):
- ensure that the basis is perfectly horizontal;
- with the help of a compass, point the system South: this direction will
be corrected later on;
- settle the antenna axis with an inclination equal to the latitude, with
respect to the horizontal plan: this setting must be as accurate as
possible and should not be modified in the following;
- by rotating the system on its axis, bring it to the peak position;
- look for the strongest signal of the central satellite, by rotating
only the system base and adjusting the elevation (in this step the
antenna should not be rotated on its axis);
- if the resulting azimuth does not coincide with the one provided by
GEOST, it is necessary to make an adjustment, by rotating only the base
of the system, for an amount equal to the value called "correction".
The last alignment is due to the deviation of the magnetic South with respect
to the geographic South.
If the real elevation and the one given by GEOST coincide, then this is the
final position of the system. A little difference occurs, hence a little
correction of the elevation is needed, when the central satellite's longitude
disagrees too much with the observer's longitude.
If the divergence is too large, then the process is to be repeated with
higher accuracy. A further verification can be done by comparing the values for
the western and eastern satellites.